In order to test the folding/elision in this document please either right-click on a part of a formula and select the appropriate function from the context menu or first select part of a math formula and then right-click to explore the possible options in the context menu applicable for that particular selection

For example, one can look up the information Wolfram|Alpha can provide for the formula of "square root of x": x

2 + 3 \frac{a}{b} \frac{c}{d}

With all forms of transmission medium (electrical or optical) there is a short time delay for the signal to travel (propagate) through the medium. For instance:

In free space speed approximates to 3*108 ms-1
In cables speed approximates to 2*108 ms-1

Transmission delay, on the other hand, is the time taken to transmit a block or frame at the specified bit rate. With this information, one can derive a simple formula for calculating the overall delay:

delay = \frac{n}{r} transmission delay + \frac{d}{v} propagation delay